Internal resistance (IR)
Lower, uniform IR means less heat and even ageing.
Battery Pack
Engineered from the cell up: chemistry, validation, management and architecture.
From cell to module to pack.
A pack is only as good as its weakest cell. We control every step, from choosing the chemistry to sealing the enclosure.
Step 1: Cell
Step 2: Module
Step 3: Pack
Sourcing the right cells
Chemistry and format are chosen for the application, balancing energy, power, cycle life, safety and cost.
| Chemistry | Strengths | Where we use it |
|---|---|---|
| LFP (lithium iron phosphate) | Thermally stable, long cycle life, cobalt-free | Three-wheelers, fishing boats, ferries, fleet vehicles |
| NMC (nickel manganese cobalt) | High energy density, compact and light | Passenger cars, hypercars, long-range builds |
| LTO (lithium titanate) | Very long life, ultra-fast charging, wide temperature range | High-cycle and fast-swap duty |
| Sodium-ion | Low cost, abundant materials, good cold performance | Emerging cost-driven low-voltage builds |
| Format | Why it's chosen |
|---|---|
| Cylindrical 18650 | Mature, consistent and cost-effective |
| Cylindrical 21700 | More energy per cell and fewer connections |
| Cylindrical 4680 | High capacity with structural pack potential |
| Prismatic | High volumetric efficiency and robust packaging |
| Pouch | Light, flexible and energy-dense |
Validating every cell
Before a cell enters a pack, it is measured, graded and matched. Matched cells mean balanced packs, longer life and predictable performance.
Capacity grading
Cells are binned by measured capacity, not label capacity.Voltage difference
Tight cell-to-cell voltage spread before assembly.Energy density
Wh/kg and Wh/L checked against the application target.Power density
W/kg verified for acceleration and regeneration peaks.Cycle life
Sample cells cycled to confirm life before volume use.
Safety designed in
Safety is part of the architecture, not an add-on. Cell spacing, thermal barriers, venting paths, fusing and mechanical protection are designed together, and packs are validated against international standards.
- Safety of industrial lithium batteries, including marine use
- Lithium-ion cells for electric road vehicles
- Safety of sealed lithium cells
- Transport testing (tests T1 to T8)
- Rechargeable energy storage safety for road vehicles
Battery management systems.
The BMS is the brain of the pack. It measures every cell, balances charge, protects against faults and reports health. We design the architecture to suit the pack's voltage and current.
MOSFET-based BMS
Compact solid-state switching for low-voltage, moderate-current packs.Contactor-based BMS
High-current, high-voltage isolation with pre-charge control for large packs.Active balancing
Moves energy from stronger cells to weaker ones to maximise usable capacity.Passive balancing
Bleeds excess charge from high cells. Simple, reliable and cost-effective for well-matched packs.Smart BMS
CAN, IoT and Bluetooth connectivity for live state of charge, state of health, fault logs and remote diagnostics.
Pack range.
Every pack is designed and built in-house.
Fixed pack, 48V to 800V
From e-bikes to high-voltage cars, boats and vessels.
Swappable pack, 48V to 72V
For two-wheeler, three-wheeler and small-boat fleets that can't stop to charge.
